Lead-free perovskites: growth, properties, and applications

Lead halide perovskites have attracted extensive attention in recent years because of their excellent photoelectronic properties, such as high absorption coefficients, carrier mobilities, defect tolerances, and photoluminescence efficiencies. However, a key issue hindering commercial application is the toxicity lead. Replacing lead with other nontoxic elements promising solution to this problem. Considering atomic radii, relative masses, electron arrangements, based on Sn, Bi, Sb, instead Pb been widely synthesized. Here, we summarized growth methods, photoelectric device applications these lead-free perovskites. First, introduced several common methods for perovskites, including solid-state reaction, chemical vapor deposition methods. Second, discussed properties optimizing different structure dimensions. Finally, solar cells, light-emitting diodes, X-ray detectors were examined. This review also provides suggestions future research